INTERACTIVE INDEX

(Compiled by Bettina Bien Greaves and hyperlinked by Ryan Henrie)

• Ability-to-pay principle: fixing wage rates, 815-816; taxation, 738-739, 856
• Acceleration principle, 584-585
• Accounting, monetary calculation: capital, 229-230, 259-264, 491, 514-515, 520; cost accounting, 339-350; method, 212-213
• Action, human, 11-142; analysis of, 92-98; aprioristic, 38-41, 64-66; calculative, 198-199; causality and, 22-27; change and, 46-47, 219-223, 248; conscious/purposive, 11-13, 25-27, 177; cooperation and, 143-145, 280; defined, 11, 26; economic calculation and, 23 1; economic knowledge (cognition) and, 885; ends, goals and means, 14-15, 92-94, 95, 200-207; environment and, 46-47; epistemological problem of, 4-7, 30-71; exchange and, 97-98, 194-199; future oriented, 100-101; history and, 47-64, 407; ideas and, 177-193; individual, 41-47, 724-730; inheritance and, 46-47; insecurity and, 851-853; instincts, impulses, emotions and, 15-17, 27-28, 168; interest (originary) and, 527; marginal utility and, 119-127; market and, 724-730; meaning of, 42-44, 59, 92-94; monetary calculation and, 229-23 1; money and, 405-408; morality, righteousness, justice and, 724-730; motives and, 62, 233-236, 239-244, 677-678, 735; past, influence of, 505-514; prerequisites, 13-17; psychology and, 11-13; reality and, 38-41; reason, thought and, 25, 35, 72-91, 177-178, 587n.; scarcity and, 235-236, 528; selfishness and, 242, 677-678, 735; speculation and, 58, 105-106, 112-113; theory of, 4-10; time and, 99-104, 479-523; ultimate given, 17-19; uncertainty and, 58, 105-118; values and, 92-98, 200, 331-333. See also Cooperation
• Advertising, 320-322
• Agriculture, 361, 368, 387, 391, 395, 660. See also Land.
• Alter ego, 23-27
• Altruism, 499, 725
• American Revolution, 428
• Amonn, Alfred Otto, 635n.
• Anarchism, 149, 191, 286n., 582-583
• "Anarchy of production," 239, 257, 582, 692
• Anderson, Benjamin McAlester, 409n.
• Animals, 11-13, 15-17, 27-28, 168
• Anticapitalistic mentality, 90, 267-268, 540-541, 590-591, 614, 736n.
• Anthropomorphism, 69, 192
• Appraisement and valuation, 331-335
• Apriorism: methodology of, 35, 38, 64-69; praxeology and, 32-36, 64-65; reality and, 38-41; time and, 99-104
• Aquinas, St. Thomas, 37
• Aristotle, 203, 849n.
• Artists, 240n., 636. See also Genius
• Asceticism, 29, 87, 178-180
• Assisi, St. Francis d', 87, 157
• Association, Ricardian law of, 159-164, 168, 175
• Atomic bomb, 832
• Augustine, St., 37
• Austrian economists, 4, 120, 495-496
• Austrian Post Office Savings Service, 445-446
• Autarky, economic, 164, 197, 267n., 317, 323-326, 750; war and, 828-830
• Autistic exchange/economy, 194-195, 243-244
• Automatism (vs. conscious action), 730-731
• Averages, economic, 221-222

• Backwardness, economic, 669-671, 746-748. See also Economic development/progress; Industrial Revolution
• Bailey, Samuel, 219
• Baker, John Randall, 499n.
• Balance of payments, 450-458
• Banking School, 439-440, 444, 571
• Banks/banking: booms and, 562; British, 442, 460, 571; central, 445, 459, 460, 465-466; Federal Reserve Act of 1913, 568; free, 440-448; international, 476-478; interventionism .and, 434-448, 550-575; liberalism and, 443-444; private, 465; Swiss, 465-466. See also Credit expansion; Cycle theories; Money
• Bargaining, collective. See Labor
• Barone, Enrico, 701
• Barter. See Exchange, direct
• Bastiat, Fr6d6ric, 147n., 831
• Beard, Charles and Mary, 630n.
• Beethoven, Ludwig van, 87
• Bentham, Jeremy, 175, 192, 674, 831, 834
• Berdyaew, Nicolas, 675n.
• Bergmann, Eugen, 203n.
• Bergson, Henri, 33n., 49, 100n., 219n.
• Bernard, Claude, 28n.
• Bernoulli, Daniel, 125-126
• Betting, 115-116
• Beveridge, William Henry, 770
• Bilateral exchange agreements, 475, 800-803
• Bimetallism, 471-472, 781-782
• Birth control, 667-672
• Bismarck, Otto, 323, 367, 816
• Bodin, Jean, 231, 821
• Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen, 123, 201n., 254n., 334, 480-482, 487-490, 526-528
• Bonald, Louis, 864
• Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, 666
• Bonar, James, 668n.
• Bondage. See Slavery/slaves/serfdom
• Bonds. See Government, debt/bonds/lending; Moneylending; Public debt
• Bonds, hegemonic (command) vs. contractual (voluntary), 195-198
• Bookkeeping, 212-214, 224, 230, 304-305
• Brentano, Lujo, 623
• Bretton Woods Conference, 478
• Bribery, 273, 735-736
• Brunner, Emil, 675n.
• Buddhism, 29
• Bureaucracy, bureaucratic management, 303-311
• Burke, Edmund, 864
• Business: calculation, 304-308; forecasting, 870-872; good will and, 379-383; operations, 239-243, 492-493, 584-585, 653, 809-811; propaganda, 320-322; socialist control of, 256. See also Consumer sovereignty; Economic calculation; Entrepreneurs; Interventionism

• Caimes, John Elliott, 203, 631n.
• Calculation: action and, 97, 198-199; monetary, 229-231, 424-426; socialism and, 698-715; valuation and, 97, 200-21 1. See also Economic calculation
• Cannan, Edwin, 535n.
• Cantillon, Richard, 3
• Capacity, unused, 394, 579-580
• Capital: accounting, 230, 259-264, 491, 514-517, 520-523, 609; accumulation, 260, 493-503, 520-523; consumption, 261, 531-532; convertibility of, 503-505, 508, 513; flight, 518-519; international market and, 500-503; money and, 520-523; social, volkswirtschaftliche (national) wealth, 264, 521-523
• Capital goods (factors of production), 259-264, 490-493, 495-497, 609; convertibility and, 503-514, 516-520, 560, 713-714; entrepreneurs and, 294-297, 300, 301; savings and, 260, 532-534, 774-775, 840-851; time and, 490-493, 493-499
• Capitalism, 264-269, 590; incapacitation/disabilities and, 166, 837. See also Capital goods; Calculation; Entrepreneurs/promoters; Industrial Revolution; Investments; Market; Money; Profits/losses, Saving
• Capitalist, defined, 254, 311-313
• Carlyle, Thomas, 9, 649
• Cartels, 361, 365-368, 447, 596
• Case probability, 110-115
• Casey, R. P., 82n.
• Cash holdings, 402, 410, 415-416, 417, 430, 448-450, 462-463, 520, 568. See also Money
• Cassel, Gustav, 194n.
• Cassirer, Ernst, 38n.
• Caste system. See Privileges
• Catallactic unemployment, 596-600
• Catallactics, 3, 232-256, 646
• Causality, 22-23, 25-26, 27-28, 107, 207. See also Teleology
• Censorship, 322, 733-734
• Central banking. See Banks/banking
• Cernuschi, Henri, 446
• Chamberlin, Edward H., 322n.
• Change, adjustment to, 296-297, 652-654. See also Interests, short-run vs. long-run; Speculation
• Charity, 241, 603, 837-840
• Chasles, Philarete, 192
• Cheyney, Edward Potts, 41n.
• Child labor, 614, 616, 620, 747
• Choosing, 3, 45. See also Action, human; Value/values
• Christianity, 37, 724, 727. See also Religion
• Confiscation (continued) tribution and, 804-811; risk-taking and, 809-811; taxation and, 806-811
• Conflicts (and harmony) of interests, 664-688
• Connexity of prices, 391-392. See also Interconnectedness
• Conquest, 649-651, 821. See also War
• Conscious/purposive behavior, 11-13, 651-652, 881-885. See also Action, human
• Conscription, 282
• Conservation, private ownership and, 654-658, 657n
• Consumers: advertising and, 320-322; government interference and, 732-736; monopoly prices and, 384-387; policy, 315-319; sovereignty of, 63-64, 240, 258-259, 269-272, 299-300, 309, 311-315, 498, 610, 649, 683, 729-730, 841-842
• Consumption of capital, 261, 531-532. See also Malinvestment; Retrogression, economic
• Consumption, production for, 299, 300, 312-315, 649. See also Consumers, sovereignty of; Entrepreneurs/promoters.
• Contract society, 195-198, 282-283, 500, 633-644
• Contracyclical policies, 798-800
• Convertibility of capital goods, 503-505, 509, 513
• Cooperation: government and, 279-287; social, 143-176, 194-199, 280-283, 667, 716, 883; socialist (non-market), 689-715. See also Labor, division of; Market economy/process
• Copernicus, Nicolaus, 59, 186
• Copyright, 277, 364, 385-386, 661-662, 680
• Corn-hog cycle, 586
• Corn Laws, British, 81
• Corporations: intervention and, 804-811; management of, 306-308, 535n., 707-708. See also Entrepreneurs/promoters; Profits/losses
• Corporativism and syndicalism, 816-820
• Corruption, political, 734-736
• Cost: accounting, 339-350; defined, 97, 396; external, 654-661; fixed, 346, 348; law of comparative, 159-164
• Crack-up boom, 427, 436, 562
• Creative genius. See Genius
• Credit: circulation, 434, 439, 571-575, 802; commodity, 433-434; contraction, 566-570; manipulation, 780-803; qualitative control, 795-796
• Credit expansion: defined 434, 442n., 793-798; effects of, 550-565, 793-798; inflation vs., 570-571; pressure for, 473, 476, 777. See also Monetary or circulation credit theory of the trade cycle
• Creditors vs. debtors: 539, 540-541, 783, 791
• Croesus, 884
• Currency: devaluation, 465-466, 788-793; government, 780-793; manipulation and, 780-803. See also Money
• Cycle theories: acceleration principle, 584-585; circulation credit, 571-575, 798; contracyclical policies, 798-800; corn-hog, 586; currency school, 203, 438, 440, 442, 562n., 571; disproportionality doctrine of trade cycle, 582-586; durable goods doctrine, 583-584; monetary or circulation credit, 203, 571-575, 794-795, 797; nonmonetary, 554-555, 580-586; purchasing power argument, 302-303; sunspot, 582; underconsumption, 301-302, 582n.

• Damocles, sword of, 540
• Darwinism, 171, 174-176
• Davanzati, Bemardo, 231
• Debt abatement (reduction) or aggravation of, 540-541, 783-785, 791. See also Interest rate, theory of; Money-lending
• Debt, public, 225-228, 847-849
• Deflation/deflationism, 422-424, 566-570, 785. See also Cycle theories; Inflation/inflationism; Money
• Democracy, political: case for, 76n., 150, 175, 850; eighteenth century, 174; elections, 652n., 842; majority control, 76, 153, 189, 193, 850. See also Government
• Democracy of the market, 271, 387, 652n., 682. See also Market economy/process
• Depressions, economic. See Economic booms/busts; Trade cycle
• Devaluation, 465-466, 787-793. See also Money
• Dewey, Thomas E., 57
• Dickinson, Henry Douglas, 706n., 710n.
• Dictatorship, 113, 151-153, 182, 652, 690, 850-85 1; worldwide socialism, 277. See also Government; Totalitarianism
• Dietz, Frederick Charles, 621n.
• Dietzgen, Eugen, 74n.
• Differential equations, 710-715. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Distribution, functional vs. market, 254, 254n., 338, 393-394, 804-805
• Disutility of labor. See Labor
• Division of labor. See Labor
• Dom, Walter Louis, 619n.
• Double-entry bookkeeping, 230, 304-305
• Douglas, Clifford Hugh, 186
• Douglas, Paul, 352
• Drugs, prohibition of, 733-734
• Duopoly, 363-364. See also Monopoly

• Easy money. See Credit expansion
• Econometrics, 350-352. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics; Measurement
• Economic booms/busts: characteristics of, 553-565, 797-798; course of, 559-565, 575-578, 578-580, 797-798; crack-up boom, 427, 436, 555, 797. See also Credit expansion; Cycle theories
• Economic calculation, 198-199, 200-231, 333-339, 348, 698-715; business and, 304-308; gold/silver and, 224; money and, 201, 205, 212-214, 223-224, 229-231, 259, 424-426, 491, 514; socialism and, 698-715, 858-861
• Economic development/progress, 8-10, 143-145, 153-155, 165, 166, 294-300, 445-499, 500, 602-603, 618n., 628-634, 682-684, 835-837, 840-851. See also Industrial Revolution; Investments; Saving
• Economic history, 30n., 224n., 329-331, 351, 652-654
• Economic man. See Homo oeconomicus
• Economic vs. real man, 62-64, 239-243, 651
• Economic measurement: See Mathematical/quantitative economics; Measurement; Statistics
• Economic problem (scarcity), 207, 235-236, 528
• Economics: 867-880, 881-885; defined, 4-10, 199, 224n., 232, 266, 357, 396, 494-495, 585, 862-866, 868, 874-879, 882-885; denial of, 4-10, 234-236; education and, 867-880, 874; epistemology and, 4-7, 30-71; forecasting and, 117-118, 870-872; freedom and, 879-880; human life/action and, 881-885; market society and. 232-688; mathematical/quantitative, 710-715; methodology (procedure) of, 64-69, probability and, 106-115; public opinion and, 863-864; reason and, 89-91, religion and, 69-70; science of, 4-10, 224n., 232-237; theory of, 7-10, 874; ultimate ends and, 21, 95; value free, 10, 21-22, 882-885; value judgments and, 10, 21, 298, 882-885. See also Action, human; Market/market process
• Eddington, Arthur Stanley, 57n., 210n.
• Education, 314, 624-625, 876-878; economics and, 867-880
• Ego, 11, 23-27, 44
• Ehrlich, Paul, 704
• Einstein, Albert, 39, 102n.
• Elasticity of demand, 56, 352. See also Measurement
• Elections, 652n. See also Democracy, political
• Ellis, Howard, 409n.
• Ely, Richard T., 359n., 526n., 741n.
• Empathy vs. understanding, 50, 87
• Empiricism, 32, 68. See also Natural/physical sciences
• End, absolute (destiny), 28-29
• Ends and means, 28, 92-94, 200, 207, 229, 279, 479, 499. See also Action, human; Cooperation
• Engels, Frederick, 75, 83, 137, 165, 197n., 235n., 267, 591n., 604n., 674. See also Marx/Marxism
• England. See Great Britain
• Englig, Karel, 25n.
• Enlightenment, Age of, 238
• Entrepreneurs/promoters: activities of, 226, 229, 251-256, 327-329, 335-337, 585, 711, 808; credit expansion and, 553-554, 585; defined, 61, 289-301, 303-311, 505, 594-595; evenly rotating economy and, 248-249, 252-255; interest and, 539-541; monopoly and, 360, 378; profits/losses and, 289-303, 396, 517, 534, 746n.; stationary economy and, 255-256. See also Consumers; Market economy/process; Prices/pricing; Profits/losses
• Environment and inheritance, 46
• Envy, 90
• Epicureanism, 15, 147
• Epistemological problems, 4-7, 30-7 1; money and, 405-408
• Equality under law, 841-842. See also Government; Inequality; Justice
• Equation of exchange, 357, 399, 413. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Equilibrium, 250, 297, 357, 418-419, 710-715. See also Mathematical/quantitative economics
• Error, fight against, 184-187
• Espinas, Alfred, 3n.
• Ethics. See Morality/ethics
• Ethnologists, 84-85
• Eudaemonism, 15, 21
• Evenly rotating economy (imaginary construction): defined, 246-250, 252-255; interest and, 526, 534, 538; land and, 578n., 643n.; money and, 416-419; prices and, 329, 355-356, 578n.; state of rest and, 244-250
• Evolution: biological, 192; logic and, 33-37
• Exchange, autistic, 194, 243-244
• Exchange, direct (barter), 201-202, 325, 405-408
• Exchange, domestic and foreign. See Trade
• Exchange, indirect. See Money
• Exchange, interpersonal, 92-98, 194-199. See also Action, human
• Experience, historical (empirical) data, 30-32, 40-41, 58-59, 65, 68-69. See also Natural/physical sciences
• External costs/economies, 654-662
• External drain, money and, 440, 459, 462, 476, 571, 796-797

• Fabianism, British, 761, 816
• Factors of production (goods of higher orders), 93-94, 333-339; original (non-human) factors, 635-645; unemployed (unused capacity) in a boom, 578-580. See also Capital goods; Goods
• Factory system, 619-620. See also Industrial Revolution; Technology
• Fairchild, Fred Rogers, 816n.
• Fascism, 817
• Federal Reserve Act of 1913, 568
• Ferguson, Adam, 197n.
• Fetter, Frank Albert, 262n., 271n., 489, 635n.
• Feudalism, 821, 838-839
• Feuerbach, Ludwig, 15
• Fichte, Johann, 721
• Fiduciary media, 433, 434-444, 551, 570. See also Money
• Final causes. See Teleology
• Final state of rest, 245-246
• Fisher, Irving, 204, 220, 442-443, 489, 543n.
• Flaubert, Gustave, 267n.
• Flexible (gold exchange) standard, 786-792
• Flight into real goods/values, 427, 436, 562. See also inflation/inflationism
• Foch, Ferdinand, 512
• Forecasting: business, 652-654, 870-872; entrepreneur and, 307-308, 335-338, 870-872; uncertainty and, 105-106, 117-118
• Foreign aid, 496-498
• Foreign exchange: balance of payments and, 450-458; bilateral exchange agreements, 800-803; control, 518-519, 800-803; equalization accounts, 461-462, 787; external drain and, 440, 462, 476, 571, 796-797; purchasing power and, 455; speculation and, 457; trade and, 452-458, 459-460. See also Money; Trade, domestic and foreign
• Foreign investments, 496-498, 500-503
• Foreign trade. See Trade, domestic and foreign
• Fourier, Charles, 71n., 137, 239
• Franklin, Benjamin, 78n.
• Free banking, 440-448
• Free trade. See Trade, domestic and foreign
• Free will, 46
• Freedom, 279-287; competition and, 274-276; foes of, 143-153, 732-734
• French Revolution, 286n., 428, 822-823
• Freud, Sigmund, 35
• Frictional unemployment, 600
• F?hrer (leadership) principle, 695, 769, 850. See also Dictatorship
• Fullarton, Principle of, 444
• Future: See Change; Economic calculation; Speculation; Uncertainty

• Galileo, Galilei, 41, 186
• Gambling, 106, 108-110, 112, 115-119
• Games, 116-117
• Garbo, Greta, 624
• Genius, 46, 89, 134, 139-140, 240n., 267, 314, 661
• German Reichsbank, 552, 570
• Germany: cartels and, 366-368; money, 428, 570; Nazism and, 6, 76, 187, 268n., 702, 800n.; socialist pattern of, 474, 691, 717-718, 723, 758-759, 777, 829-830; Volkswirtschaft (national economy), 323-326, 399, 516, 521, 637; World Wars I & 11, 552, 570, 816, 829-830
• Gesell, Silvio, 793
• Gestaltpsychologie, 45-46, 145
• Giddings, Franklin Henry, 144n.
• God/Creator, 1, 69, 71, 143, 147-148, 151, 156, 157, 166-167, 174, 175, 239, 452, 672, 693, 724-725, 733, 827, 839, 879
• Godwin, William, 71n.
• Goethe, Johann Wolfgang, 230
• Gold: exchange (flexible) standard, 460-461, 786-789; export/import points, 453-454; paradox (gold vs. iron), 64, 121; "price" $35 (1934-1972), 478; production, 414-415; standard, 428-430, 459, 462, 471-476, 574, 782-783. See also Money
• Good will, 379-383
• Goods: consumers', 93-94, 333-338, 490-493; economic, 93; free, 93; knowledge (recipes, formulae, etc.), 128, 364. 661; law of returns and, 127-131; non-material (services), 94, 140-142, 232-234; orders of, 93-94, 333-334. See also Capital goods
• Gordon, Manya, 648n.
• Gossen, Hermann Heinrich, 124, 334, 701
• Government: autocratic, 689-690; bureaucratic management, 308-311; coercion, 70-71, 149, 188-189, 285, 719, 722, 725; confiscation and redistribution, 804-811; corruption and, 734-736; debt/bonds/lending, 225-228, 464, 540, 845, 847-849, 851; democratic, majority rule, 76, 149-150, 153, 189, 193, 652n., 849-850; laissez faire vs. planning, 730-732; liberalism and, 149, 279-287; licensing and, 369, 661-663; market and 716-736, 758-779; money and, 780-830; necessity for, 70-71, 149, 285, 719, 725. See also Intervention; Monopoly, government and; Socialism; Totalitarianism
• Great Britain: banking laws of, 440, 446, 571; capitalism in, 622; Com Laws, 81; Currency School and, 203, 442, 571; deflation, 567-568; economists of, 9, 147, 496n.; Fabianism, 761, 816; free trade and, 80-84; gold standard, 472; monetary crises, 466, 783, 785, 789-793; Peels Act (1849), 571; planning and socialism, 713, 731, 816-817; Speenhamland system and, 602n.
• Gregory, T. E., 472n.
• Greidanus, Tjardus, 430n.
• Gresham's Law, 231, 450, 760; operation of, 435n., 781-783, 786, 800
• Grillparzer, Franz, 139
• Grotius, Hugo, 821
• Guild socialism and corporativism, 816-820

• Haberler, Gottfried, 554n., 795n.
• Hahn, Albert, 777n.
• Haller, Karl Ludwig, 864
• Hammond, John Lawrence and Barbara, 618n., 621
• Hampered market economy, 716-861. See also Intervention; Government, market and
• Haney, Lewis Henry, 637n.
• Hansen, Alvin Harvey, 730n.
• Happiness, 14-15
• Harmony and conflict of interests, 664-688, 725-730
• Hayek, Friedrich August, 277n., 278n., 398n., 496n., 528n., 709n., 715n., 773n., 848n.
• Hazlitt, Henry, 659n., 777n.
• Heekscher, Eli F., 664n.
• Hedonism, 15, 21
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 29, 72, 74, 80, 151, 721, 832. See also Marx, Karl
• Hegemonic (command) bonds, 195-198, 283, 500, 633
• Heraclitus, 173
• Herzfeld, Marianne, 466n.
• Historical School, historicism, 4-6, 62, 80, 201n., 205, 267, 605, 647, 701, 761-762
• History: 47-64, 862-864; capitalism, private property and 9, 264-269, 495-498, 607-610, 616-617, 683; ideal types and, 59-64; ideas and, 83, 863; inflationist view of, 466-471; judgments of relevance, 57-58, 88; natural and human, 58-59; origin of socialist idea and, 689-693; praxeology and, 28-29, 30-32, 41, 59; understanding and, 50-51, 51-58, 87-88, 115; value free, 47-51; war, conquest and, 649-651
• Hitler, Adolf, 76, 83, 649, 800n.
• Hoarding, 381n., 402-403, 521-523
• Hoff, Trygve J. B., 709n.
• Hogben, Lancelot, 77n.
• Holism, 1, 145-157, 400
• Homme, moyen, 651
• Homo: agens, 14; oeconomicus, 62-64, 240, 65 1; sapiens, 14, 25, 33
• Hot money, 464-466
• Human action: economics and, 1-10, 22-23, 881-885. See also Action, human; Conscious/purposive behavior; Cooperation; Interconnectedness; Market economy/process
• Hume, David, 3, 73, 147, 203, 416-419, 666
• Husserl, Edmund, 100n.
• Hutt, William Harold, 594n., 596n., 770n.

• Id, 12, 882
• Ideal types, 59-64, 251-255
• Ideas: innovation/invention, 139-140, 314, 510-512, 661-662; role of, 46-47, 177-193
• Ideology: influence of, 8, 184-187, 648; Realpolitik and, 189; traditionalism and, 19 1; world view and, 178-191. See also Ideas, Marx, Karl; Might; Polylogism
• Idle resources (unused capacity): See Malinvestment
• Imaginary constructions, 201-205, 236, 256; autistic (isolated/self-contained), 205, 243-244; evenly rotating economy, 244-255, 329; money and, 201-205, 416-419; socialism and, 689-697; socialist society and, 689-697; state of rest and, 244-250; stationary economy and, 250-251, 255-256, 294-295
• Imputation, physical, 494
• Income: capital and, 260-261, 485; distribution and, 254n., 738-739; inequality of wealth and, 287-289, 840-85 1; national, 217, 294n.; prices and, 393-394; "unearned," 300
• Index numbers, 220-223, 442-443. See also Measurement
• India, 29, 290-291
• Indirect exchange, 398-478. See also Money
• Individualism: collectivism vs., 152, 730-732; methodological, 41-43, 44; "rugged," 284, 726
• Individual: change and, 46-47; freedom and, 279-287; market and, 315-19; society and, 143-145, 165-166, 178-184. See also Action, human; Cooperation
• Industrial Revolution, 8, 609, 617-623. See also Economic development/progress
• Inequality, 89, 134, 157-159, 174-176, 840-851; wealth, income and, 287-289, 737-739. See also Cooperation; Ricardian law of association; Equality under law
• Infant industries, 509-510
• Inflation/inflationism, course of, 427-428; credit expansion and, 570-571; debt abatement/aggravation and, 783-785; defined, 422-424; effects of, 408-419, 466-471, 548-566, 826; exchange rates and, 457-458; Germany and, 552, 570; interest rate and, 550-565. See also Money
• Inflationist view of history, 466-471
• Insecurity, 851-853
• Instincts and impulses, 12, 15-17, 27-28, 170-176, 882
• Institutionalism, 4, 205, 647, 701, 761
• Insurance, 109, 112n. See also Probability
• Interconnectedness (concatenation) of the market, 1-2, 231, 391-392, 648, 652, 761, 770, 874, 885
• Interest rate, theory of: abstinence and, 846; computation of, 536-37; credit expansion, trade cycle and, 538-586; defined, 524-537, 539-545, 548-562; deflation, credit contraction and, 566-571; depressions, totalitarianism and, 565-566; entrepreneur and, 539-541; gross market, 539-545, 550-565, inflation, credit expansion and, 550-565; market and, 532-534, 539-548, 575-580; money relation and, 458-462; originary, 526-532, 534-536, 548-556; price premium and, 541-545. See also Time preference
• Interests: harmony and conflict of, 664-688, 724-730, "rightly understood," 673-682; short run vs. long run, 82, 296, 652-654, 750-751, 792-793, 847-848; vested, 268, 276, 337, 852
• Intergovernmental commodity control agreements, 368n.
• International monetary cooperation, 476-478
• International Monetary Fund, 478, 791
• International organizations, 368, 685-688, 825
• International trade: balance of payments, 451, 478, 791; bilateral exchange agreements, 800-803; British, 80-82; capital market 500-503; money, foreign exchange and, 448-458. See also Foreign exchange; Trade, domestic and foreign; Protectionism
• Intervention, governmental: consumption and, 732-734; corruption and, 734-736; crisis of, 855-861; labor, wages and, 614-617; market and, 315-319, 716-811; money, banking and, 376-378, 538-586, 780-803; New Deal and, 315, 368, 819; prices and, 357-379, 758-779; savings, private property and, 855-858. See also Taxation
• Intolerance, 148
• Investments: convertibility/inconvertibility and, 346, 394, 503-505, 507, 513-514, 578-579; foreign, 495-498, 500-503, 508-510, 513; speculation and, 517. See also Malinvestment; Savings
• Investor, mobility of, 517-520
• Iron law of wages, 20n., 603-604, 667, 746
• Irrationality, 19-22, 102-104, 884. See also Rationality; Ultimate given; Value/values

• James, William, 156
• Jefferson, Thomas, 61-62
• Jevons, William Stanley, 121, 482, 488, 497n., 582, 798
• Just price, 727, 728
• Justice, 147, 720-721, 724-730. See also Morality/ethics; Social justice/reform

• Kant, Emanuel, 37
• Kaufmann, Felix, 39n., 103n.
• Kautsky, Karl, 137
• Kempis, Thomas A, 216
• Kepler, Johannes, 59
• Keynes, John Maynard: money, gold standard and, 471n., 791; inflation and, 466, 471; unemployment, labor and, 549n., 777, 792-793; spending and, 432, 744, 800n., 850
• Knight, Frank H., 66n., 292n., 492n., 848n.
• Knowledge, pursuit of, 5, 32-36, 587
• Ku Klux Klan, 779

• Labor, 131-138, 141-142, 587-634; backward countries, and, 608-609, 747-748; child, 614-616, 619-620, 747; defined, 588, 592-593; disutility of, 65, 130-138, 587-592, 61 1-617, division of, cooperation and, 143-145, 146-147, 157-165, 624-625, 664-666, 673-682; entrepreneurs and, 289-300; extroversive, 137-138, 587-592, government interference and, 315-319, 367-368, 377, 614-617, 744-748, 755-757, 769-779; international division of, 626, 627, 828, 830, 831-832; introversive, 137-138, 139-140, 587-592; Marxian theory of, 602-608; migration/mobility of, 135n., 626-628, 633-634; production and, 592-598, 615-623, 625-634; reason and, 131, 138, 141-142, 491-493; slave, 628-634, socialism and, 137, 675-682; strikes and, 779; subsistence and, 487, 602-610, syndicalism and, 812-816, unemployment and, 770-774, 792-793; unions and, 376-377, 594-596, 608, 777-779, 790, 815-816; wages and, 392, 592-598, 607-610, 619-620, 624-625, 625-628, 676-677, 777-779; work and wages, 131-138, 587-634; worker, defined, 254, 633-634
• Laissez faire: Industrial Revolution and, 618-621; meaning of, 730-732; peace and, 823-825, 828, 831; production and, 8-9, 619-621, 748, 840-842
• Land: capital accounting and, 260-263; conservation and, 656-658; external costs/economies and, 654-661; myth of the soil, 644-645; owner/owner-ship of, 81, 311-312; prices and, 393-394, 624, 643-644; reform, 805; rent, theory of, 524-525, 635-637, 640-642, 643-644; submarginal, 640-642; tax, 643-644; time and, 637-640. See also factors of production, original; Property
• Landauer, Carl, 703n.
• Lange, Oskar, 706n.
• Langlois, Charles Victor, 50n.
• Laski, Harold, 731
• Lassalle, Ferdinand, 846n., 850
• Latin Monetary Union, 472
• Laum, Bernard, 267n.
• Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 186
• Laws of. association (Ricardian), 159-164, 168-169, 175; comparative cost, 75, 159-164; marginal utility, 119-127; population (Malthusian), 20n., 129, 175, 667-672; praxeology, 761-762; price, 331-339, 339-350; regularity (Gregory King), 231, returns, 127-131, 341-350. See also Gresham's Law; Market economy/process
• League of Nations, 686-688, 825
• Legal tender, 435n., 448, 450, 472, 780, 782, 783-785. See also Money, kinds of
• Leibniz, Gottfiied Wilhelm, 13n.
• Lend-lease, 477
• Lenin, Nikolai, 83, 649, 859
• Lerner, Abba, 807n.
• "Level of prices," 222, 398-399, 413
• L?vy-Bruhl, Lucien, 36-37
• Liberalism: banking and, 440-448; defined, vii, 146-147, 153-157, 841-842; economic improvement and, 9, 153-155; freedom and, 284-287; philosophy of, 174, 689-690, 841-842, 864-866; praxeology and, 153-155; religion and, 147-148, 155-157, 183-184; social cooperation and, 145-153, 724-730. See also Laissez faire
• Licenses, 369, 662-663
• Lincoln, Abraham, 55
• List, Frederick, 80
• Loan market, 403, 527, 538, 545-548, 570-574, 581
• Locke, John, 13n.
• Logic, 24-25, 33-36, 36-38, 84-86, 99, 184-187
• Logical positivists, 703n. See also Positivism
• Lorenz, Max Otto, 526n., 741n. Losses. See Profits/losses
• Lozovsky, A., 771n.
• Lutz, Harley, 739n.
• Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, 499n.

• Machlup, Fritz, 520n., 573n., 796n.
• Maclver, Robert Morrison, 144n.
• Maistre, Joseph, 864
• Majority rule, 76, 149, 153, 193, 652n. See also Democracy, political; Minority rule
• Malinvestment, 394-395, 559-561, 564, 575-578, 584. See also Credit expansion; Economic booms/busts
• Malthus, Thomas Robert, 20n., 129, 175, 667-672
• Man: acting, 11-29, 651-652; economic, 62-64, 240, 651; primitive, 33-34, 36-38, 145-146, 602. See also Action, human; Inequality
• Management, bureaucratic vs. profit/loss, 303-311, 707-711, 814, 858-860. See also Economic calculation; Profits/losses
• Manchesterism, 723, 823, 828, 831
• Mangoldt, Hans Karl Emil, 291n.
• Marginal productivity, 296-298, 597-598. See also Competition; Prices/pricing, Profits/losses
• Marginal utility, 119-127, 404, 448, 635. See also Value/values
• Market economy/process, 232-256, 257-326, 311-315, 646-663; autonomy of, 758; capitalism and, 264-269; case against, 833-835; catallactics and, 232-256, 598-600; change, adjustment to, 117, 311-315, 652-654; consumers and, 269-272, 299-300, 311-315, 610, 649,